Marie-Claire Blais en traduction ou la Weltliteratur en action
Résumé
Où situer la francophonie dans cette constellation ? Quel en est le poids relatif, aussi bien comme fournisseur de textes-source que comme relais de textes-cible ? Si Casanova s’est penchée sur le deuxième aspect, cet article porte sur la première partie de la question. L’exemple qui servira de pierre de touche est Une saison dans la vie d’Emmanuel de Marie-Claire Blais, roman dont on connaît mal la trajectoire en traduction. Comme nous essayerons de le montrer, celle-ci passe moins par la consécration parisienne que par le relais américain, notamment grâce aux multiples interventions du grand critique Edmund Wilson, responsable de sa « traduction-consécration » new-yorkaise.
Far from being reducible to a library of literary masterpieces, Goethe’s notion of Weltliteratur (coined in 1827) refers, rather, to a competitive interchange between kindred spirits. This competitive aspect has been highlighted by Pascale Casanova in The World Republic of Letters, a metaphor she uses to describe the arena where writers from different nationalities compete in translation. Translation thus become one of the foremost means of consecrating authors and texts. How does the Francophonie fit into this picture? What is its relative weight, both as a supplier of source texts and a relay for target texts? Since Casanova has studied the latter aspect abundantly, we shall focus on the first part of the question, using Marie-Claire Blais’s 1965 novel, Une saison dans la vie d’Emmanuel, as a touchstone. As we shall try to show, the international career of this novel depends as much on an American “connection,” (most notably in the figure of renowned critic Edmund Wilson, who was instrumental in Blais being translated in New York) as on official recognition in Paris (where the novel received the coveted Médicis prize).